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There are different washers depending on their use:
a) Support washers
They increase the contact area, reduce the clamping pressure with less embossing on softer workpieces and do not rotate during clamping. They do not provide effective locking of the bolt or nut.
flat washers: Commonly used, they come in four size series: narrow, regular, wide and extra wide. Two qualities: grade A (hardness 200 HV and 300 HV; Ra from 1.6 to 6.3; steel and stainless steel) and grade C (hardness 100 HV; steel). They can be edged, burnished, zinc-plated, cadmium-plated, phosphated, bichromated...
shaped disc:These are used with countersunk screws (F...). Punched or machined, the outer surface can be polished and shiny.
Ball Seat Washers : Used in conjunction with a ball seat nut to compensate for any inclination of the bolt relative to the bearing surface.
b) spring lock washers
The locking effect of the nut is improved by the elasticity of the washer.
Grower washers, for screws of quality class ≤ 10.9: They are available with beaks that dig into the material of the workpiece or without beaks. Three series are possible: standard W, reduced WZ and strong WL). They are made of spring steel (44 to 50 HRc) or stainless steel.
Example of a designation: Washer WL 12 (Grower strong series, d = 12).
Tapered washers, for bolts of quality class ≥ 8.8: they can be smooth (symbol CL) or serrated (CS). After tightening, the washer is fold and acts like a spring. They are made of spring steel (42 to 50 Hrc).
2 waves washers,for quality class ^ 8.8 screws: They are often used on workpieces made of soft materials (light metal, plastic) and are also available with 1 and 4 shafts. They are made of spring steel, bronze, stainless steel...
c) Tooth lock washers (“fans”)
The locking effect (40% more with overlapping teeth) is increased by digging in the
Teeth in the joined work pieces and achieved by the general elasticity.
The concave shape (at 90°) is used with countersunk screws (90°).
Encrustations are conducive to making electrical contact.
They are made of spring steel (blued, zinc-plated, cadmium-plated, bichromate), stainless steel, bronze...